Mughal Administration
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- Mughal Empire was divided into Subas and further subdivided into Sarkar, Parganas and Gram.
- Subas (provinces): Head- Sipahsalar/ Subedar
- Daroga-i-dak (postal officer) was appointed at every subas
- Also other territorial units called Khalisa, Jagirs and Inams (based on ownership)
- Jahangir introduced a new provision in sawar rank. Part of the sawar rank was termed du-aspa sih-aspa in case of select mansabdars.
Officers of Mughal Empire
- Wazir: Head of revenue department
- Diwan: Control on income and expenditure
- Mir Bakshi: Head of military department and intelligence agencies
- Diwan-i-Bayutat: Maintain road and constructions
- Sadr-us-Sadr: Incharge of charitable and religious endowments
- Mir-i-Arz: Officer in charge of petition
- Sadr: Judicial department
- Fauzdar: administrative head of district
- Amal: Revenue collection
- Shiqdar: administrative head of pargana
Judicial system
- Criminal court was normally known as ‗Diwan-i-Mazalim‘
- In Ain-i-Akbari, details of Akbar‘s judicial procedure is mentioned
- Principal court- settlement in Quazi‘s court o Capital punishments and Harsh punishments were frequent
Military Organisation
- Soldiers supplied by Mansabdars
- Troops under mansabdar known as ‗Dakhii‘
- Babur introduced Gunpowder
Jagirdari and Mansabdari System
- Jagirs of Mughal period were same as Iqta of Delhi sultanate
- Assignment of Jagirdari was not a hereditary right
- Officers collecting Revenues in Jagirdars: Karkun, Amil, Fotedar
- All jagirdars were mansabdars but all mansabdars were not jagirdars
- Akbar introduced mansabdari system, to organise nobility and army
- Akbar introduced Dual rank- ‗Zat and ‗Sawar‘
- Mansab was based on merit and was not hereditary
Land Revenue Administration
- Sher shah‘s crop rate called- Dastur-ul-amal
- Todar Mal introduced a new land measurement system during Akbar‘s reign -introduced system of Dahsala or Bandobast or Zabti system
- Dashala: Average produce per bigha of each category of land was ascertained based on past 10 years‘ produce
- Polaj: Lands that could be cultivated
- Parauti: Land kept uncultivated for a while
- Chachar: uncultivated land for some years
- Karori: Office of Karori concerned with assessment and collection of revenue
- Amil: During Shah Jahan‘s reign, it was responsible for assessment of revenue
- Qanungo: Local revenue official of pargana
- Shiqdar: under Shah Jahan, he was incharge of revenue collection and law and order
- Muqaddam and Patwari: Village level revenue officials
