Decoupling Growth and Emissions

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India's relative decoupling of economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions reflects progress, but achieving absolute decoupling requires further effort.

India's economy has grown robustly, with GDP expanding sixfold since 1990. Between 2005 and 2019, India's GDP grew at a compound annual growth rate of 7%, while greenhouse gas emissions rose at 4%, suggesting relative decoupling. Relative decoupling indicates GDP growth outpaces emission increases, unlike absolute decoupling, where emissions decline as GDP grows.

India’s Economic Survey (2023-24) claims decoupling but does not confirm whether it is absolute or relative. Growth in emissions remains slower than GDP but has not reversed. Sectoral comparisons reveal uneven decoupling, emphasizing the need to evaluate major emission contributors.

Debates between green growth and degrowth approaches dominate climate discussions. Green growth proponents advocate achieving economic expansion while mitigating environmental harm, while degrowth focuses on reducing consumption to curb ecological degradation. Both approaches stress reducing emissions but also acknowledge developing nations’ challenges, such as addressing poverty and low living standards.

India has not peaked its emissions yet, and emissions may rise further with growth. Achieving absolute decoupling remains a distant goal, requiring policies promoting renewable energy, emissions mitigation, and sustainable development. Long-term efforts are vital for balancing economic growth and environmental goals, ensuring sustainable development for the nation.