Armed Forces( Special Powers) Act( AFSPA)
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The AFSPA is an Act giving special powers to the Indian Armed Forces to maintain public order in regions considered to be "disturbed" on account of any disturbance or as a result of a revolt.
Vital Features
1.Special Powers to Armed Forces
The Act vests the power to arrest individualities, search property, and use force up to murderous force, to maintain law and order in disturbed regions.
2.Disturbed Areas:- The Act is implemented in areas notified as "disturbed" by the government, mainly in areas of insurrection or fortified conflict, such as Jammu & Kashmir and the corridor of Northeast India.
3. immunity from execution An immunity from execution is granted to forces workforce for their actions during operations except government funds provisos prior approval for legal action.
4.Authority Over Civil Rights:- The statute vests service with authority over mercenary movement, quests without leave and detains personages without summons for a short time.
Objective
Law and Order Maintaining This is aimed at aiding the garrison troops in quelling an insurgency and anti-colonial conditioning in the areas with fortified resistance towards the state.
Counter Insurgency Operations It is essentially used in insurgent or fortified rebellion areas, offering legal legitimacy to military operations.
Issues
1.Human Rights Violations:- AFSPA has been criticized for being an open invitation to abuse, leading to charges of extra-judicial killing, torture, and forced discovery.
2.Immunity from Liability:-The immunity given to the manned forces workforce is considered an impediment toward bringing justice and accountability to the implicit mortal rights violations.
3. Civilian Distress:- The law often reduces the position of civilians and displaces normal life, causing social and profitable torture.
Consequences
1.AFSPA Reform:- Demand abolition or amendment of AFSPA or its application only under certain conditions, while keeping responsibility for actions performed by protected forces.
2.Strengthened Supervision:- Develop a better system of independent supervision to combat mortal rights businesses.
3. Building Peace:-Promote conversation, construction, and political impact in addition to military action to address the root causes of rebellion.
Health Issues in India
1.Infectious diseases :- Malaria, TB, dengue fever, and seasonal flu still plague large portions of the population.
2.NCDs:-Growing prevalence of life conditions like diabetes, heart disorders, and high blood pressure due to urbanization and poor lifestyle.
3.Malnutrition:- Children suffering from malnutrition, suppression, and wasting, predominantly in pastoral regions.
4. Poor Health Care Access :-Access to care remains unstable with poor health structure in pastoral and rural regions.
5.Air Pollution:- Poor quality of air within the city extends to respiratory diseases in major metropolitan cities especially targeting children and the elderly.
6.Mental Health Issues:- Increased internal health issues, such as depression and anxiety, are undiagnosed and inadequately treated.
Solution
1.Upgrading Health system:- More investments in pastoral and rural health facilities and mobile meetings.
2.Promotion of Preventive Care:-focus on health education superheroes that encourage hygiene, vaccination and lifestyle changes to improve conditions.
3.Universal Health Coverage (UHC):-Extend coverage of affordable health insurance and enhance the affordability of treatment interventions, particularly among the poor.
4.Reducing Air Pollution:- enforce more stringent environmental policies to regulate anthropogenic migrations, particulate matter emissions and foster non-conventional energy.
5. NCD awareness and Prevention Provide programs aimed to enhance consciousness on life conditions as well as promoting healthy diets, exercise, and regular health work-works.
Dongria Kondh Tribe
The Dongria Kondh is an indigenous ethnical group which mainly resides in the sections of the Niyamgiri Hills , Rayagada and Kalahandi of Odisha , India.
Key Points
1. Ethnical Identification :-They belong to the Kondh tradition; they also have a peculiar way of artistic expression and language.
2. Niyamgiri Hills They:-belong to a region called the Niyamgiri Hills, an ecologically as well as aesthetically significant region.
3.Religious Beliefs :- The Dongria Kondh dreaded and adored their ultimate god, Niyam Raja, and claimed their belief in the sainthood of the Niyamgiri hills, which they claimed to be a sacred one.
4.Livelihood:-The dominant activities they have been engaged in are husbandry , hunting and gathering , where rice and millets and vegetables have been the very important crops.
5.Social Structure:- The lineage has a sense of community somewhat similar to the traditional leadership structures as helmsmen and vill councils.
6.Resist External Forces :-Global attention focused on the Dongria Kondh's protest against mining within Niyamgiri Hills, particularly the bauxite mining proposal of Vedanta coffers, which the tribe considered anti-thetical to their ecological and religious business interests.
7.Recognition:- They are consequently recognized as a Scheduled Tribe under the Indian Constitution, which confers to them some protections and special benefits of affirmative action.
Important Issues
1.Trouble to Environment :-The proposed mining conditioning pose a trouble to their niche and religious practices.
2.Cultural Heritage:- The community's long history of living style is under threat from encroachment and development pressures.
Solution
1.Environmental Conservation:-ensuring that mining and artificial conditioning are regulated to encompass indigenous land and culture.
2.Cultural Self-Rule:- providing legal and institutional support to help preserve their traditions and rights over ancestral lands. \
