Flood issue in different part of india

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 Recent Flooding Incidents

 1. Delhi: Multiple areas submerged

 a. Incident: A 26-year-old electrocuted on an inundated street.

 2. Guwahati: Severe flooding causing widespread disruption.

 3. Maharashtra:

 a. Torrential rains halted daily life, for instance, Pune and Mumbai were affected.

 b. Example: Three people electrocuted in Pune due to waterlogging.

 Common Factors in Urban Flooding

1. Outdated Drainage Systems:

 a. Unable to handle excessive rainfall.

 b. Frequent overflows lead to severe flooding.

2. Poor Urban Planning:

a. Lack of consideration for local hydrology.

 b. Inadequate infrastructure to manage water flow.

3.Important role:

 • Lack of proactive measures for flood prevention.

 Major Causes of Casualties

 1. Overflowing nullahs (open drains)

 2. Wall or building collapses

 3. Electrocution in waterlogged areas

 Climate Change Impact

1. Increased Intensity of Weather Events:

 a. Pune and Mumbai received 45% excess rainfall on specific days.

 b. Climate change intensifies monsoon effects.

 Possible Solution

1. Need for Climate Resilience:

a. Insufficient institutional mechanisms for climate resilience.

 b. Mumbai’s Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation lacks proactive measures.

 2. Early Alert Systems:

 a. Example: Buenos Aires uses sensors in stormwater drains for early flood warning.

Need for similar systems tailored to Indian cities.

3. Stormwater Drain Improvement:

 a. Projects in Mumbai and Pune are inconsistent and delayed.

 b. Urgent need for continuous and effective implementation.

 

 Co-districts

 1. Definition: Co-districts are smaller administrative units under Assam's district administration aimed at decentralizing governance.

2. Purpose: The key objective is to improve governance and accessibility by bringing administrative services closer to citizens.

 3. Services Provided: Co-districts handle tasks such as issuing ration cards, caste certificates, managing land revenue, excise, development, welfare work, and disaster management.

 4. Magisterial Powers: They are empowered with magisterial authority, ensuring localized and quicker decision-making.

5. Leadership: Co-districts are led by an Assistant District Commissioner, whereas districts are headed by a Deputy Commissioner.

 6. Size: Co-districts cover smaller geographical areas compared to districts, ensuring focused and efficient service delivery.

 7. Autonomy: While districts have full administrative control, co-districts act as a local extension, reducing the workload on district-level offices.

 8. Phased Launch: The initiative was launched in 2024, with 21 co-districts initially created, and 18 more planned.

 9. Coverage: The aim is to establish Co-Districts across all 126 assembly constituencies in Assam.

 10. Benefits: By decentralizing administrative tasks, Co-Districts are expected to streamline governance, making services more accessible and efficient for the public.

 

 

Difference between interim and Final budget

 Comparison with Interim Budget

 1. Revenue Side:

a. Marginal changes in gross and net tax revenues.

 b. Increased RBI dividends made a larger impact.

 

2. Expenditure Side:

 a. Marginal differences.

 b. Increased revenue expenditures.

 Key Budget Estimates

1. Tax Devolution to States

 a. Increased by Rs 27,428 crore compared to the Interim Budget.

 b. Net Tax Revenues (GoI): Rs 25.83 lakh crore.

 c. Non-Tax Revenues: Rs 5.46 lakh crore.

 d. Total Net Revenue Receipts: Rs 31.29 lakh crore.

 2. Expenditure and Fiscal Deficit

a. Total Expenditure: Rs 48.20 lakh crore (Increased by Rs 54,744 crore for revenue expenditures).

 b. Revenue vs. Capital Expenditure Ratio: 77:23.

 c. Fiscal Deficit: Reduced to 4.9% of GDP (Interim Budget target: 5.1%).

3. Non-Debt Receipts

 a. Additional non-debt receipts: Rs 1.27 lakh crore (Mainly from increased RBI transfers).

 b. Used Rs 72,000 crore for reducing fiscal deficit.

 Fiscal Consolidation

 1. Target: Reduce fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP.

 2. Decline in household savings in financial assets (5.3% of GDP in 2022-23).

3. Need for larger space for private sector investments.

 Revenue Measures

1. Changes in capital gains tax.

2. Removal of angel tax for startups.

 Expenditure Allocations

 1. Marginal increase in revenue expenditures.

 2. No change in capital expenditures (Rs 11.11 lakh crore).

 Employment Initiatives

 1. New "Employment Linked Incentives" scheme.

 2. Concerns about the nature of employment created.

 3. Importance of employment elasticity of growth.

 Sectoral Focuses

 1. Self-sufficiency in oilseeds.

2. Need for assessment of past schemes' progress.

Challenges and Considerations

1. Impact of new technologies (AI, Gen AI) on employment.

 2. Need for higher growth to generate more employment.