Study reveals uneven impact of rural electrification
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Context
Launched in 2005, the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyut Yojana aimed to bring electricity to about 400,000 villages in India. However, recent analysis has shown that the benefits of electrification have been distributed unevenly, favouring larger, more populous villages over smaller ones.
Why in the news?
A study conducted by the University of Chicago and the University of Maryland has highlighted inequalities in access to electricity between smaller and larger villages. The study shows that smaller villages experienced limited economic benefits, while larger villages experienced substantial improvements in per capita income.
Background
The initiative, named after former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, was aimed at improving access to electricity in rural India. While significant progress has been made, the distribution of benefits has been uneven, with larger villages benefiting more from electrification.
Benefits of electricity availability in rural areas
Access to electricity has brought many notable benefits to rural areas. Such as:-
- Improved quality of life
- Increased productivity
- Economic growth
- Promotes access to education, healthcare and communication services
- Also aids in industrial and agricultural activities
The journey of electricity in rural areas of India
The journey of rural electrification in India spanned decades, progressing slowly. In 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared all Indian villages electrified, but the goal of providing 24/7 electricity is still on.
Challenges in electricity availability
Providing electricity in rural areas has been a special achievement, which has faced many challenges. These are as follows -
- High cost of infrastructure
- Geographic barriers
- Maintaining a consistent power supply in remote areas
- Connecting small, isolated villages to the grid
Improvements in rural areas following electricity availability
Significant economic improvements have occurred in larger villages, especially those with more than 2,000 inhabitants. Full electrification in these areas led to an increase in per capita expenditure, doubling the income of some residents. However, smaller villages have not seen the same level of growth.
Importance of electricity in rural areas
Electricity plays a vital role in improving rural livelihoods by supporting agricultural productivity, small businesses, and social services. It can reduce poverty, improve education outcomes, and enhance health services.
Effect of electrification on economic growth
Although access to electricity contributes to national GDP growth, it does not always improve living standards in smaller communities. Larger villages experienced clear economic growth, but the benefits were much less for smaller, remote villages.
Return on investment varies with village size
Small villages with 300 people had a “zero return” from electrification after 20 years. In contrast, villages with 1,000 residents had a 13% return and villages with 2,000 or more had a 33% return on investment, making electrification far more cost-effective in larger communities.
Current status of electrification
In 2018, all villages in India were declared electrified. However, the commitment to provide round-the-clock electricity remains unfulfilled. The study relied on 2011 census data, as no new census has been conducted since then.
Conclusion
The study finds that electrification efforts have yielded uneven results, with larger villages benefiting more. Small, remote villages have struggled to reap adequate economic benefits from electrification.
Way forward
To bridge this gap, focus should be on alternative energy solutions such as solar home systems and mini-grids for small villages. Extending the grid to larger villages will remain essential, but innovative approaches for remote areas will be crucial for balanced rural development.
Ovarian cancer: Know its causes, symptoms and complete information including testing methods
Reference
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer, often referred to as the "silent killer" because of its vague symptoms that lead to late diagnosis and poor prognosis. It is one of the top three cancers affecting women in India.
Why in News?
Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month, observed in September, focuses on raising awareness about lesser-known aspects of the disease, including its symptoms, risk factors, and the importance of early detection.
Background
In 2022, India reported 47,333 new ovarian cancer cases and 32,978 deaths, underscoring the severity of the disease. Early detection, raising awareness about genetic risk and lifestyle factors can have a significant impact on prevention and treatment efforts.
Subtle and easily overlooked symptoms
Ovarian cancer presents with symptoms such as bloating, pelvic pain, loss of appetite, and frequent urination. These symptoms are often misinterpreted as common illnesses, leading to delayed diagnosis. Other symptoms include indigestion, constipation, fatigue, and postmenopausal bleeding.
Main types of ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is classified into 2 main subtypes:
- Type I tumors: less common, detected early, and have a better prognosis.
- Type II tumors: more common, aggressive, and usually diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to a higher mortality rate.
Survival rates and treatment
Survival rates depend on early detection and treatment. About 20% of patients with advanced ovarian cancer who receive optimal surgery and chemotherapy can be disease-free for up to 10 years. However, late diagnosis often reduces the chances of long-term survival.
India's statistics are shocking
India's 2022 data shows a high incidence of ovarian cancer, with over 47,000 new cases and nearly 33,000 deaths. This highlights the urgent need for better awareness, prevention, and treatment options.
Lack of effective screening tools
Unlike breast or cervical cancer, ovarian cancer lacks reliable screening tests.
The CA125 blood test, while useful for monitoring cancer after diagnosis, is not suitable for routine screening due to its low specificity, leading to false positive results and unnecessary interventions.
Genetic risk factors
Hereditary ovarian cancer associated with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes accounts for 65-85% of cases. Women with these mutations have a significantly higher risk of developing ovarian cancer, with a 50% risk for BRCA1 and a 15% risk for BRCA2 carriers.
Lifestyle and environmental factors
Certain lifestyle factors, such as the use of talcum powder in the genital area and chemical hair products, may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
Although research is ongoing, there is concern about the long-term effects of these products on cancer risk. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is also associated with a higher risk of ovarian cancer, even if it is used for less than five years.
Importance of genetic counseling
Genetic counseling is important for women who have a family history of ovarian or breast cancer. It helps identify those at risk and provides personalized preventive measures, such as clinical monitoring and prophylactic surgery, to reduce the chance of developing ovarian cancer.
Empowerment through awareness
Ovarian cancer is often detected too late due to its subtle symptoms.
Raising awareness, especially during Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month, can empower individuals to recognize the signs, consider genetic testing, and explore preventive options.
Conclusion
Ovarian cancer is a deadly and underdiagnosed disease. By understanding its symptoms, genetic links, and risk factors, patients and healthcare providers can work towards earlier detection and better outcomes.
Way forward
Increased awareness, regular medical counseling, genetic testing for high-risk individuals, and ongoing research on screening tools and treatment options will be key in reducing the impact of ovarian cancer in India and globally.
Germany seeks better defence ties with India with an eye on the Indo-Pacific region
Context
In August, India hosted one of its largest multilateral air exercises Tarang Shakti (Phase I), which saw participation from various countries, including the German Luftwaffe. The exercise is a significant moment as it is the first time Germany has joined an aerial exercise in Indian airspace.
Why in the news?
The inclusion of the German Luftwaffe in Tarang Shakti reflects the growing trend of increased military cooperation between India and European countries. It also reflects Germany's growing interest in cementing its role in the Indo-Pacific region.
Background
Germany has historically been a minor player in India's defense sector compared to Russia, the US and France. However, recent changes in global dynamics have led Germany to play a more significant role in India's defence market and regional security.
Tarang Shakti: Prelude to Pacific Skies 24
Tarang Shakti served as a prelude to Pacific Skies 24, a major air exercise involving France, Germany and Spain. The German Luftwaffe flew 1.3 million kilometers during the exercise, reflecting its commitment to strengthening military ties and reinforcing its strategic focus on the Indo-Pacific.
India's evolving defense partnerships
India's defense ties have traditionally been centered around Russia but recently the US and France have become major suppliers. Germany, despite being a major global arms supplier, has had limited involvement in India's defense sector until now.
Germany's late entry into India's defence market
Germany's engagement with India's defence sector is relatively recent compared to the US and France. Dr Adrian Hack of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation said Germany has been slow to address India's defence interests but is now stepping up its efforts.
Defence Cooperation: Submarine Project 75
In a significant development, ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) and Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2023 for the construction of submarines under Project 75 (India).
This collaboration is an important point of entry for Germany into India’s high-tech defence sector.
Technology Transfer and Challenges
Technology transfer is crucial to India’s defence partnership. Germany faces potential challenges in this area as advanced technology transfer requirements can complicate future cooperation. The success of Germany’s participation may depend on how well it meets these requirements.
Concerns over China’s Indo-Pacific Strategy
China’s actions in the Indo-Pacific, including military expansion in the South China Sea, have raised regional security concerns. Germany has expressed strong political stances against China’s aggressive policies, reflecting its broader strategic interests.
Germany's Strategic Interests in the Indo-Pacific
Germany's participation in Indo-Pacific exercises and its growing defense involvement reflect its strategic interest in maintaining free and secure shipping routes. This involvement is part of Germany's broader strategy to assert its role in regional security.
Shift in Europe's Geopolitical Focus
Ongoing geopolitical changes, particularly following the Russia-Ukraine conflict, are pushing Europe to establish its influence in the Indo-Pacific. As Europe's largest economy, Germany is positioning itself to become a key player in this crucial region.
Showing Power in the Indo-Pacific
Germany's increased military presence and strategic initiatives in the Indo-Pacific are aimed at demonstrating power and influence. This approach reflects Germany's commitment to enhancing regional security and maintaining a role in international sea lanes.
Conclusion
Germany's participation in Wave Power and its growing defense cooperation with India reflect a significant shift in its strategic positioning. As Germany seeks to strengthen its role in the Indo-Pacific, it faces both opportunities and challenges in expanding its influence and defense partnerships.
The Way Forward
Enhancing its position in the Indo-Pacific will require Germany to address technology transfer challenges, deepen defense cooperation, and navigate the complex geopolitical landscape.
Continued engagement with India and other regional players will be critical to establishing a more prominent role in global security.
